Kitty: Accurate and Efficient 2-bit KV Cache Quantization with Dynamic Channel-wise Precision Boost

Haojun Xia, Xiaoxia wu, Jisen Li, Tsai-chuan Wu, Junxiong Wang, Jue Wang, Chenxi Li, Aman Singhal, Alay Dilipbhai Shah, Alpay Ariyak, Donglin Zhuang, Zhongzhu Zhou, Ben Athiwaratkun, Zhen Zheng, Shuaiwen Song

Proceedings of Machine Learning and Systems 8 (MLSys 2026) Conference

The KV cache is a dominant memory bottleneck for LLM inference. While 4-bit KV quantization preserves accuracy, 2-bit often degrades it, especially on long-context reasoning. We close this gap via an algorithm–system co-design for mixed-precision KV caching: Kitty. On the algorithm side, extensive experiments show that Dynamic Channel-wise Precision Boost — which ranks Key-cache channels by sensitivity and keeps only a small fraction at higher precision — maintains near-zero drop in accuracy while approaching 2-bit memory. On the system side, the primary challenge lies in managing these dynamic 4-bit channel boosts without compromising memory efficiency or the execution speed of attention layers. Kitty addresses this through a hardware-aware memory layout and highly optimized system designs, ensuring that our on-the-fly KV quantization incurs negligible runtime overhead while maximizing memory footprint reduction. This synergistic design allows Kitty to unlock the full potential of 2-bit quantization without sacrificing real-time inference throughput. Specifically, Kitty addresses these issues by decomposing each mixed-precision Key page into two tensors with unified 2-bit precision. Based on this, Kitty provides a page-centric KV layout, Triton-compatible page dequantization kernels, and a lightweight runtime pipeline that reduces and amortizes the runtime overhead. Across seven tasks and two model families (Qwen3, LLaMA3), Kitty cuts KV memory by nearly $8\times$ with negligible accuracy loss, enabling up to $8\times$ larger batches and $2.1\times$–$4.1\times$ higher throughput under the same memory budget. We release the full implementation of Kitty at https://github.com/Summer-Summer/Kitty.